Roadless Areas

Defending America’s Sporting Lands – Citations

Citations

  1. Michael P. Dombeck, Christopher A. Wood and Jack E. Williams. 2003. From Conquest to Conservation. Island Press, Washington, DC. 
  2. Trout Unlimited. 2004. Where the Wild Lands Are: Idaho. The Importance of Roadless Areas to Idaho’s Fish, Wildlife, Hunting & Angling.  
  3. Trout Unlimited. 2004. Where the Wild Lands Are: Oregon. The Importance of Roadless Areas to Oregon’s Fish, Wildlife, Hunting & Angling. 
  4. Derived from analysis of Utah Mule Deer Habitat. 2023. Utah Division of Wildlife Resources, Salt Lake City, UT.  
  5. Derived from analysis of Utah Elk Habitat. 2023. Utah Division of Wildlife Resources, Salt Lake City, UT. 
  6. Derived from analysis of Eastern Brook Trout Joint Venture. 2024. 
  7. U.S. Forest Service. 2000. Roadless Area Conservation, Final Environmental Impact Statement. Volume 1. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC. 
  8. Michael P. Dombeck, Christopher A. Wood and Jack E. Williams. 2003. From Conquest to Conservation. Island Press, Washington, DC. 
  9. Ibid. 
  10. Ibid. 
  11. U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service. 2025. FS-905 National Forest System Statistics Fiscal Year 2024. https://www.fs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/fs_media/fs_document/FY24-forest-system-stats.pdf 
  12. Ibid. 
  13. Derived from analysis of USFS Surface Ownership Parcels and USFS Watershed Condition Classification.   
  14. Trout Unlimited. 2015. State of the Trout: A Report on the Status and Trends of Native Trout in the United States. Trout Unlimited, Arlington, Virginia. 
  15. Trout Unlimited. 2004. Where the Wild Lands Are: Idaho. The Importance of Roadless Areas to Idaho’s Fish, Wildlife, Hunting & Angling. 
  16. Trout Unlimited. 2004. Where the Wild Lands Are: Oregon. The Importance of Roadless Areas to Oregon’s Fish, Wildlife, Hunting & Angling. 
  17. Ibid. 
  18. Trout Unlimited. 2006. Where the Wild Lands Are: Colorado. The Importance of Roadless Areas to Colorado’s Fish, Wildlife, Hunting & Angling. 
  19. Derived from analysis of National Hydrography Dataset Plus Version 2. 2019. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. 
  20. Derived from analysis of Colorado Gold Medal Streams. 2025. Colorado Park and Wildlife, Denver, CO. 
  21. Derived from analysis of Montana Blue and Red Ribbon Streams, Wyoming Stream Categorization and Utah Blue Ribbon Fisheries. 
  22. Derived from analysis of Colorado Gold Medal Streams. 2025. Colorado Park and Wildlife, Denver, CO. 
  23. Derived from analysis of Montana Blue and Red Ribbon Streams. 2007. Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks, Helena, MT. 
  24. Derived from analysis of Wyoming Stream Categorization. 2006. Wyoming Game and Fish Department, Cheyenne, WY. 
  25. Derived from analysis of Utah Blue Ribbon Fisheries. 2025. Utah Division of Wildlife Resources, Salt Lake City, UT. 
  26. Backcountry Hunters and Anglers. 2014. Literature Review: The Impact of Roads on Elk. https://www.backcountryhunters.org/media/details/literature-review-the-impact-of-roads-on-elk 
  27.  Derived from analysis of Montana elk winter ranges, summer ranges, calving areas, and migration areas. 1999. Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks, Helena, MT. 
  28. Utah Division of Wildlife Resources. 2026. Supporting Utah’s Mule Deer. State of Utah. https://wildlife.utah.gov/127-wildlife/mule-deer.html 
  29. Utah Division of Wildlife Resources. 2025. Want to help increase Utah’s deer population? State of Utah. https://wildlife.utah.gov/news/utah-wildlife-news/2159-bring-your-ideas-to-help-increase-utahs-deer-population-to-upcoming-meetings.html 
  30. Utah Division of Wildlife Resources. 2026. Supporting Utah’s Mule Deer. State of Utah. https://wildlife.utah.gov/127-wildlife/mule-deer.html 
  31. Derived from analysis of Utah Mule Deer Habitat. 2023. Utah Division of Wildlife Resources, Salt Lake City, UT. 
  32. Derived from analysis of Bighorn Sheep Seasonal Range. 2025. Wyoming Game and Fish Department, Cheyenne, WY. 
  33. Derived from analysis of Occupied Elk Distribution. 2025. Nevada Department of Wildlife, Reno, NV. 
  34. Derived from analysis of Species Ranges. 2025. Idaho Department of Fish and Game, Boise, Idaho. 
  35. Idaho Fish and Game. 2025. Hunter Harvest Report. State of Idaho. https://idfg.idaho.gov/article/hunter-harvest-report-idaho-deer-and-elk-hunters-go-3-3-2024 
  36. Backcountry Chronicles. 2019. Elk Harvest Data: Comparison of Western States. 
  37. Michael W. Gratson and Craig L. Whitman. 2000. Road Closures and Density and Success of Elk Hunters in Idaho. Wildlife Society Bulletin.  
  38. Mary M. Rowland, Michael J. Wisdom, Bruce K. Johnson and Mark A. Penninger. 2004. Effects of Roads on Elk: Implications for Management in Forested Ecosystems. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. https://www.fs.usda.gov/pnw/pubs/journals/pnw_2004_rowland001.pdf 
  39. Colorado Division of Wildlife. 2005. White River Elk Herd Data Analysis Unit Plan. Colorado Division of Wildlife, Meeker, CO. 
  40. Trout Unlimited. 2006. Where the Wild Lands Are: Colorado. The Importance of Roadless Areas to Colorado’s Fish, Wildlife, Hunting & Angling. 
  41. Trout Unlimited. 2006. Where The Wild Lands Are: Wyoming: The Importance of Backcountry Areas to Wyoming’s Fish, Wildlife, Hunting & Angling. 
  42. Ibid.  
  43. U.S. Forest Service. 2000. Roadless Area Conservation, Final Environmental Impact Statement. Volume 1. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC. 
  44. Ibid. 
  45. Ibid. 
  46. Ibid. 
  47. Kristen A. Schmitt. 2019. Idaho Farmer Payout for Elk Damage Exceeds $1million. GOHUNT, Las Vegas, NV. https://www.gohunt.com/browse/news-and-updates/hunting-news/idaho-farmer-payout-for-elk-damage-exceeds-1-million 
  48. Sylvia Wright. 2003. Roads Pave the Way for Weed Invasions. UC Davis, Davis, California. https://www.ucdavis.edu/news/roads-pave-way-weed-invasions 
  49. Joshua Zaffos. 2003. Another roadside detraction. High Country News, Paonia, CO. https://www.hcn.org/issues/issue-258/another-roadside-detraction/ 
  50. Ross N. Cuthbert, Christophe Diagne, Emma J. Hudgins, Anna Turbelin, Danish A. Ahmed, Céline Albert, Thomas W. Bodey, et al. 2022. Biological invasion costs reveal insufficient proactive management worldwide, Science of The Total Environment, Volume 819. 
  51. Mary M. Rowland, Michael J. Wisdom, Bruce K. Johnson and Mark A. Penninger. 2004. Effects of Roads on Elk: Implications for Management in Forested Ecosystems. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 
  52. Backcountry Hunters and Anglers. 2014. Literature Review: The Impact of Roads on Elk. https://www.backcountryhunters.org/media/details/literature-review-the-impact-of-roads-on-elk 
  53. Mike Dombeck, Dale Bosworth, Tom Tidwell and Vicki Christiansen to Secretary Brooke Rollins and Chief Tom Schultz. 2025. https://subscriber.politicopro.com/eenews/f/eenews/?id=00000199-5913-d7f0-ab99-7ddbb30c0000 
  54. Sean P. Healey. 2020. Long-term forest health implications of roadlessness. U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service. https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aba031 
  55.  Derived from analysis of S_USA.Activity_HazFuelTrt_PL. 2025. U.S. Department of Agriculture. https://data.fs.usda.gov/geodata/edw/datasets.php?xmlKeyword=Hazardous+Fuel+Treatment 
  56. Derived from analysis of S_USA.FireOccurrence. 2025. U.S. Department of Agriculture. https://data.fs.usda.gov/geodata/edw/datasets.php?xmlKeyword=National+USFS+Fire+Occurrence+Point    
  57. National Interagency Fire Center. Wildfire Prevention. Boise, ID. https://www.nifc.gov/fire-information/fire-prevention-education-mitigation/wildfire-prevention 
  58. The Wilderness Society. 2025. Three-decade record of contiguous-U.S. national forest wildfires indicates increased density of ignitions near roads. https://www.wilderness.org/sites/default/files/media/file/Summary%20NFS%20roads%20fire%20paper%20-%202025.pdf 
  59. James D. Johnston, John B. Kilbride, Garrett W. Meigs, Christopher J. Dunn and Robert E. Kennedy. 2021. Does conserving roadless wildland increase wildfire activity in western US national forests? Environmental Research Letters, Volume 16. https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/ac13ee 
  60. U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service. 2025. FS-905 National Forest System Statistics Fiscal Year 2024. https://www.fs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/fs_media/fs_document/FY24-forest-system-stats.pdf 
  61. Montana Fish, Wildlife & Parks. 2025. Drawing Statistics: Elk Hunting District 380. State of Montana.  
  62. Lee Lamb. 2010. Living Up to Its Name. How Controversial Hunting Regulations Restored Big Bulls to the Elkhorn Mountains. Montana Outdoors. https://fwp.mt.gov/binaries/content/assets/fwp/montana-outdoors/2010/elkhorns.pdf 
  63. Dave Forman. 1992. The Big Outside. Harmony Books.  
  64. Jesse DeVoe, Blake Lowrey, Kelly Proffitt, Robert Garrott, Adam Grove, Denise Pengeroth and Brent Cascaddan. 2019. Elkhorn Mountains Elk Project. Montana State University Ecology Department, Montana Fish, Wildlife & Parks – Region 3 and Helena-Lewis & Clark National Forest. Montana.  
  65.  Blake Lowrey, Jesse DeVoe, Kelly Proffitt, Robert Garrott. 2019. Hiding Without Cover? Defining Elk Security in a Bettle-Killed Forest. Journal of Wildlife Management. Volume 84. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/337080249_Hiding_Without_Cover_Defining_Elk_Security_in_a_Beetle-Killed_Forest 
  66. Jeff Fair. 2014. A Journey to Alaska’s Tongass, Where Our Last Old-Growth Temperate Forest Meets the Sea. National Audubon Scoiety. https://www.audubon.org/magazine/journey-alaskas-tongass-where-our-last-old-growth-temperate-forest-meets-sea 
  67. U.S. Forest Service. 2021. Tongass National Forest Salmon Factsheet. https://www.fs.usda.gov/sites/nfs/files/r10/tongass/publication/SalmonFactsheet2021.pdf 
  68. Trout Unlimited. 2006. Where the Wild Lands Are: Southeast Alaska. The Importance of Roadless Areas to Southeast Alaska’s Fish, Wildlife, Hunting & Angling. 
  69. U.S. Forest Service. 2021. Tongass National Forest Salmon Factsheet. https://www.fs.usda.gov/sites/nfs/files/r10/tongass/publication/SalmonFactsheet2021.pdf 
  70. TCW Economics. 2010. Economic Contributions and Impacts of Salmonid Resources in Southeast Alaska. Prepared for Trout Unlimited Alaska. https://cpb-us-e1.wpmucdn.com/wordpressua.uark.edu/dist/9/350/files/2017/10/2010AK_Economic_Contributions_and_Impacts_of_Salmonid_Resources_in_Southeast_Alaska.pdf 
  71. Rain Coast Data. 2024. Southeast Alaska by the Numbers 2024. Prepared for Southeast Conference.  https://www.seconference.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Meilani-Schijvens-SEAK-By-the-Numbers.pdf. 
  72. Ibid. 
  73. U.S. Forest Service. 2018. Frequently Asked Questions Regarding Inventoried Roadless Areas. 
  74. U.S. Forest Service. 2018. Questions for Mr. Quigley.  
  75. U.S. Department of Agriculture. 2011. Investment Strategy in Support of Rural Communities in Southeast Alaska 2011-2013.  
  76. U.S. Forest Service. 2016-2017 Tongass National Forest Monitoring and Evaluation Report.  
  77. U.S. Forest Service. 2020. Alaska Roadless Rule: Draft Environmental Impact Statement, Public Comment Report. https://d3n8a8pro7vhmx.cloudfront.net/tongassblueprint/pages/1960/attachments/original/1590607105/Alaska_Roadless_Rule_-_DEIS_Public_Comment_Report_%28May_2020%29.pdf?1590607105. 
  78. Derived from analysis of Bonneville Cutthroat Range-wide Status. 2015. Multiple agencies. 
  79. Derived from analysis of Utah Mule Deer Habitat. 2023. Utah Division of Wildlife Resources, Salt Lake City, UT. 
  80. Utah Division of Wildlife Resources. 2025. Want to help increase Utah’s deer population? State of Utah. https://wildlife.utah.gov/news/utah-wildlife-news/2159-bring-your-ideas-to-help-increase-utahs-deer-population-to-upcoming-meetings.html 
  81. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 2024. Upper Weber Watershed Restoration Project: Region 4 Roadless Project Summary. Uinta-Wasatch-Cache National Forest. 
  82. U.S. Forest Service. 2000. Roadless Area Conservation, Final Environmental Impact Statement. Volume 1. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC. 
  83. U.S. Forest Service. 2018. Benefits to People, At a Glance Report, Monongahela National Forest. Ecosystem Management and Coordination – Economics Group. 
  84. Ibid. 
  85. Ibid. 
  86. U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service. 2019. FY2018 Deferred Maintenance by Region and National Forest. U.S. Congress. https://www.congress.gov/116/meeting/house/109295/documents/HHRG-116-II10-20190410-QFR003.pdf 
  87. Trout Unlimited. 2017. 30 Great Places: Monongahela National Forest. https://www.tu.org/magazine/uncategorized/30-great-places-monongahela-national-forest/