Many visitors travel to Alaska to witness the classic scene of bears feeding on salmon. Those who travel to southeast Alaska’s Tongass National Forest often visit Margaret Creek, a remote salmon stream 22 miles north of Ketchikan. Although, this area is not the pristine wilderness most expect to experience. Margaret Creek is home to sockeye, coho, chum, and pink salmon, along with steelhead, cutthroat, and Dolly Varden trout, but logging has reduced the populations of many of these species.
America’s largest national forest has long been subjected to industrial clear-cut logging of old growth trees. These practices were subsidized by the U.S. Forest Service. In 2021, the Forest Service announced it was ending these subsidies and instead investing in restoration, recreation, and climate resiliency. This new direction has led to several new restoration projects across the forest, including Margaret Creek.
Intense logging from the 1950s – 1980s removed most of the old-growth trees that lined Margaret Creek and heavily damaged the area. The trees alongside salmon streams keep the water cool, stabilize the bank, and help cycle nutrients that support aquatic insects and fish. When these trees fall into the creek, they create important habitat where salmon can hide and rest. Trees provide essential functions that are necessary for healthy salmon streams. When they are removed, fish populations suffer.
The extent of the damage along Margaret Creek led the U.S. Forest Service to prioritize restoring the area. If left alone, experts estimated it could take 150 – 200 years for the trees to regrow and naturally fall into the stream. Fish populations would continue to be negatively affected without intervention. The area’s popularity as a recreation site for cruise ship passengers on day excursions and local residents likely weighed into its prioritization also. With local fish and wildlife, people and the economy all standing to benefit, the restoration project began in earnest.
The Forest Service partnered with the Southeast Alaska Watershed Coalition (SAWC) and the Ketchikan Indian Community for the project. Together, they completed restoration of over 1.25 miles of the creek in 2021 and 2022. Local contractor P&T Construction used heavy equipment to place whole trees and root wads in the creek. A local work crew completed the hand tool work where heavy machinery couldn’t get access.
In May 2022, the Forest Service, SAWC and the Ketchikan Indian Community hosted an in-stream restoration workshop in Ketchikan which trained Tribal crews from Ketchikan, Klawock and Metlakatla. Many of those attendees went on to work on the Margaret Creek project. This project is the first one to involve the three organizations. “It’s shared values over salmon is really what it boils down to,” said Rob Cadmus, executive director of SAWC, “and the desire, the recognition that one, the good work needs to get done to restore those same streams, and two, if we can do that work in a way that engages the community and people hear about the project and it’s successful, its impact is broader than just the actual restoration work.”
The good work completed on Margaret Creek includes the construction of 22 large woody debris structures, the removal of four culverts that were impeding fish passage, and the removal of 1,000 feet of road fill that was blocking habitat connectivity. The hand tool restoration work will continue to add structures to the creek through 2023.
As a result of restoration work, Margaret Creek is now much closer to its natural state. The woody debris placed in the stream helped create more of the complex habitat that fish need to survive, and the higher level of habitat complexity will support a greater abundance of fish. The salmon and steelhead returning to Margaret Creek and resident trout who call the creek home now have many more places to hide, rest, feed and spawn.
The Margaret Creek restoration project is one of several like it happening across the Tongass National Forest. This project and others like it bolster fish populations, which benefit local wildlife and communities. Restoration work benefits local economies by providing job opportunities during the projects’ construction and by benefiting the tourism and fishing sectors which make up such a large portion of Southeast Alaska’s economy. Logging has caused a lot of damage to fish habitat across the Tongass, but restoration work is a great opportunity to right those wrongs and help ensure the fish we all love have strong populations and healthy habitats for generations to come.
Photos courtesy of Southeast Alaska Watershed Coalition